Appendices - Data and Metadata Review
Appendix 1 - An Overview of the FGDC Geospatial Metadata Standard
Federal Geographic Data Committee. FGDC-STD-001-1998. Content standard for digital geospatial metadata (revised June 1998). Federal Geographic Data Committee. Washington, D.C.
at http://www.fgdc.gov/metadata/csdgm/
The pages in the Contents section below are hyperlinked directly to the FGDC site above:
Plain Text Version
Appendix 2 - A simple example of metadata (Dublin Core and IEEE Learning Object)
The 15 Elements in the Dublin Core are described and related to the IEEE Learning Object Metadata Set. As stated in the article at http://www.imsproject.org/metadata/mdbest01.html from IMS, "It is important to note that just because it is possible to map Dublin Core and IEEE LOM elements to each other, this does not mean the elements are semantically or structurally equivalent. The reader should carefully study and understand both the meaning and intended usage of each element before utilizing it in a meta-data record"
The Dublin Core
Element Descriptions & and Example of Interconversion
(Dublin Core to IEEE Learning Object Metadata
Dublin Core # |
Dublin Core Name |
Dublin Core Label |
IEEE Learning Object Meta-data
|
1 |
Title |
TITLE |
General Title |
The name given to the resource by the CREATOR or PUBLISHER. |
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2 |
Author or Creator |
CREATOR |
LifeCycle.Contribute when LifeCycle.Contribute.Role has a value of "Author". |
The person or organization primarily responsible for creating the intellectual content of the resource. For example, authors in the case of written documents, artists, photographers, or illustrators in the case of visual resources. |
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3 |
Subject and Keywords |
SUBJECT |
General.Keywords. For those wishing more specificity of Subject, a category of Classification can be used with a Purpose of "Subject". Classification has elements for Description, Keywords, and Taxonpath(s) that are specific for the Purpose. |
The topic of the resource. Typically, subject will be expressed as keywords or phrases that describe the subject or content of the resource. The use of controlled vocabularies and formal classification schemas is encouraged. |
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4 |
Description |
DESCRIPTION |
General. Description |
A textual description of the content of the resource, including abstracts in the case of document-like objects and content descriptions in the case of visual resources. |
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5 |
Publisher |
PUBLISHER |
LifeCycle.Contribute when LifeCycle.Contribute.Role has a value of "Publisher". |
The entity responsible for making the resource available in its present form, such as a publishing house, a university department, or a corporate entity. |
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6 |
Other Contributor |
CONTRIBUTOR |
LifeCycle.Contribute with the type of contribution specified in LifeCycle.Contribute.Role. LifeCycle.Contribute can be repeated. |
A person or organization not specified in a CREATOR element who has made significant intellectual contributions to the resource but whose contribution is secondary to any person or organization specified in a CREATOR element (for example, editor, transcriber, and illustrator). |
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7 |
Date |
DATE |
LifeCycle.Contribute.Date when LifeCycle.Contribute.Role has a value of "Publisher". |
The date the resource was made available in its present form. Recommended best practice is an 8 digit number in the form YOYO-MM-DD as defined in http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime, a profile of ISO 8601. In this scheme, the date element 1994-11-05 corresponds to November 5, 1994. Many other schema are possible, but if used, they should be identified in an unambiguous manner. |
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8 |
Resource Type |
TYPE |
Educational.LearningResourceType. |
The category of the resource, such as home page, novel, poem, working paper, technical report, essay, dictionary. For the sake of interoperability, TYPE should be selected from an enumerated list that is under development in the workshop series at the time of publication of this document. See http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Metadata/types.html for current thinking on the application of this element. |
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9 |
Format |
FORMAT |
Technical.Format |
The data format of the resource, used to identify the software and possibly hardware that might be needed to display or operate the resource. For the sake of interoperability, FORMAT should be selected from an enumerated list that is under development in the workshop series at the time of publication of this document. |
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10 |
Resource Identifier |
IDENTIFIER |
General.CatalogEntry. General. Identifier is currently a RESERVED term, as there is no specified method for creation of a GUID. |
String or number used to uniquely identify the resource. Examples for networked resources include URLs and URNs (when implemented). Other globally-unique identifiers, such as International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN) or other formal names would also be candidates for this element in the case of off-line resources. |
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11 |
Source |
SOURCE |
Relation.Resource when the value of Relation.Kind is "IsBasedOn". This reduction is currently under consideration within the Dublin Core Community. |
A string or number used to uniquely identify the work from which this resource was derived, if applicable. For example, a PDF version of a novel might have a SOURCE element containing an ISBN number for the physical book from which the PDF version was derived. |
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12 |
Language |
LANGUAGE |
General.Language |
Language(s) of the intellectual content of
the resource. Where practical, the content of this field should coincide with RFC 1766. |
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13 |
Relation |
RELATION |
Relation.Kind, Relation.Resource |
The relationship of this resource to other resources. The intent of this element is to provide a means to express relationships among resources that have formal relationships to others, but exist as discrete resources themselves. For example, images in a document, chapters in a book, or items in a collection. Formal specification of RELATION is currently under development. Users and developers should understand that use of this element is currently considered to be experimental. |
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14 |
Coverage |
COVERAGE |
General.Coverage |
The spatial and/or temporal characteristics of the resource. Formal specification of COVERAGE is currently under development. Users and developers should understand that use of this element is currently considered to be experimental. |
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15 |
Rights Management |
RIGHTS |
Rights.Description |
A link to a copyright notice, to a rights-management statement, or to a service that would provide information about terms of access to the resource. Formal specification of RIGHTS is currently under development. Users and developers should understand that use of this element is currently considered to be experimental. |
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From: http://www.imsproject.org/metadata/mdbest01.html
Appendix 3 - Examples of Mapping between Metadata formats
From: http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/interoperability/
Appendix 4 - World Water Vision - Vision Library
Secretariat Documents
| File | Title / Description |
| Biotechnology Report | The report outlines the implications of future changes in the biotechnology sector on water resources. (PDF file: 85 KB) |
| Bioremediation | The report outlines the tools of bioremediation for strengthening water security through environmental biotechnology. (PDF file: 30 KB) |
| Energy Report | The report outlines the implications of future changes in the energy sector on water resources. (PDF file: 49 KB) |
| Nuclear Desalination | The report addresses the economic viability of potable water production through seawater desalination by using nuclear energy, IAEA. (PDF file: 20 KB) |
| Competitiveness of Nuclear Desalination | The report contains an economic evaluation of nuclear and seawater desalination, IAEA. (PDF file: 46 KB) |
| ICT Report | The report outlines the implications of future changes in information and communications technology on water resources. (PDF file: 45 KB) |
| WMO Vision for ICT | World Meteorological Organization's Vision for Water Resources Information. (PDF file: 5 KB) |
| Institutions Report | The report outlines how future changes in institutions, society, and the economy will influence the water sector. (PDF file: 47 KB) |
| Scenarios for Institutions | This paper was submitted by A. Khosla and S.K. Sharma from Development Alternatives and People First, India during the Institutions Panel Meeting. (PDF file: 34 KB) |
| Global Water Scenarios | This paper describes three global water scenarios following, business-as-usual; economics, technology, and private-sector; and values and lifestyles. (PDF file: 115 KB) |
| Global Water Resources Projections | This paper is a review of global water resources projections by Peter H. Gleick, Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security, USA. (PDF file: 91 KB) |
| Mainstreaming Gender in Water Resources Management | This document outlines the need for gender mainstreaming in water resources management.(PDF file: 2.6 MB) |
Global Vision
| File | Title / Description |
| Commission's Terms of Reference | The Terms of Reference for the World Commission on Water for the 21st Century. (PDF file: 18 KB) |
Regional Vision Documents
| File | Title / Description |
| Africa | The Africa Water Vision for 2025: Equitable & Sustainable Use of Water for Socioeconomic Development, African Caucus (PDF file: 4 2 KB) |
| West Africa | West Africa Water Vision, WATAC (PDF file: 515 KB) |
| Southern Africa | Southern Africa Vision for Water, Life and the Environment in the 21st Century and Strategic Framework for Action Statement, SATAC (PDF file: 117 KB) |
| Nile Basin | The Vision for Water in the 21st Century for the Countries of the Nile River Basin, A. Shady, ed.(PDF file: 18 KB) |
| Arab Countries | Water Vision for the Arab Countries Towards the Year 2025, K.F. Saad (PDF file: 340 KB) |
| Mediterranean Countries (English version) | Mediterranean Vision on Water, Population and the Environment for the XXIst Century in English, J. Margat and D. Vallee (PDF file: 1.7 MB) |
| Mediterranean Countries (French version) | Mediterranean Vision on Water, Population and the Environment for the XXIst Century in French, J. Margat and D. Vallee (PDF file: 982 KB) |
| Rhine Basin | Visions for the Rhine, Rhine Basin Vision Project Group (PDF file: 160 KB) |
| Central and Eastern Europe | A Vision of the Water Resources Management in the Central and Eastern European Vision, CEETAC (PDF file: 278 KB) |
| Russia | Russian Water Vision: Scenarios of Russian Water Sector Development, N. Gaponenko (PDF file: 603 KB) |
| Aral Sea Basin | Water-related Aral Sea Basin Vision for the Year 2025, UNESCO-IHP (PDF file: 338 KB) |
| South Asia | South Asia Regional Water Vision 2025, SATAC (PDF file: 136 KB) |
| Southeast Asia | Vision to Action Report: Southeast Asia, SEATAC (PDF file: 20 KB) |
| China | China Vision, R. Wang, Z. Ouyang, H. Ren, Q. Min (PDF file: 207 KB) |
| Australia | A Vision for Australia's Water Resources 2025, J. Pigram & B. Hooper (PDF file: 33 KB) |
| Americas | The Vision for the World Water, Life and the Environment in the 21st Century: The Americas, SAMTAC and OAS (PDF file: 15 KB) |
| North America | Vision on
Water, Life and the Environment For the 21st Century: Regional Consultations: North
America, Mexican National Commission for Water (PDF
file: 116 KB) |
| Central America and the Caribbean | Vision on Water, Life and the Environment for the 21st Century: Regional Visions: Central America and the Caribbean, CATHALAC (PDF file: 465 KB) |
| South America | South America Regional Vision and Framework for Action, SAMTAC (PDF file: 63 KB) |
Sector Vision Documents
| File | Title / Description |
| Water for People | Vision 21: Water for People: A Shared Vision for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene and a Framework for Mobilisation of Action, WSSCC (PDF file: 260 KB) |
| Urban Water and Sanitation Systems | Urban Water and Sanitation Systems, T. Milburn (PDF file: 21 KB) |
| Water for Food | A Vision of Water for Food and Rural Development, P. van Hofwegen and M. Svendsen (PDF file: 266 KB) |
| Water and Nature | Vision for Water and Nature - A World Strategy for Conservation and Sustainable Management of Water Resources in the 21st Century (PDF file: 611 KB) |
| Water and Nature Discussion Paper 1 | Freshwater Ecosystems, Conflict Management & Economic Security, T. Swanson and C. Doble(PDF file: 307 KB) |
| Water and Nature Discussion Paper 2 | Freshwater Ecosystems Management & Environmental Security, M.P. McCartney, M.C. Acreman, and G. Bergkamp (PDF file: 337 KB) |
| Water and Nature Discussion Paper 3 | Freshwater Ecosystems Management & Social Security: A Discussion Paper for IUCN, J. Soussan, N. Emmel and C. Howorth (PDF file: 489 KB) |
| Water in Rivers 1 | Report on Sector Consultation "Water in Rivers", H. Oda (PDF file: 74 KB) |
| Water in Rivers 2 | Water in Rivers: Flooding, R. White (PDF file: 123 KB) |
| Water in Rivers 3 | Contribution to the World Water Vision, INBO (PDF file: 29 KB) |
| Water in Rivers 4 | Recommendations and Guidelines on Sustainable River Basin Management: Workshop Report of "International Workshop on River Basin Management", RBA Delft (Center for Research on River Basin Administration, Analysis and Management, Delft University of Technology) (PDF file: 75 KB) |
| Sovereignty | National Sovereignty and International Water Courses, Green Cross International (PDF file: 224 KB) |
| Interbasin Water Transfer | Interbasin Water Transfer, UNESCO-IHP (PDF file: 56 KB) |
| Water for Tourism and Recreation | A Vision for Water and Tourism - 2025, J. Pigram (PDF file: 10 KB) |
| Water, Education and Training | Water, Education and Training, UNESCO-IHP (PDF file: 317 KB) |
| Groundwater Vision | Groundwater Vision from International Hydrogeological Association (PDF file: 71 KB) |
| Lake Biwa and the World's Lakes | Lake Biwa and the World's Lakes, a paper prepared by M. Nakamura, Lake Biwa Research Instiitute, Japan (PDF file: 36 KB) |
Communications Materials
| File | |
| English Flyer (PDF File: 38 KB) |
Rivers Press Release in Arabic (PDF File: 929 KB) |
| French Flyer (PDF File: 49 KB) |
Vision presentation (English) (Power Point Slides: 1 MB) |
| Spanish Flyer (PDF File: 42 KB) |
Vision presentation (French) (Power Point Slides: 1 MB) |
| Arabic Flyer (PDF File: 465 KB) |
Messages presentation (English) (Power Point Slides: 1.2 MB) |
| Russian Flyer (PDF File: 675 KB) |
Messages presentation (French) (Power Point Slides: 1.3 MB) |
| Chinese Flyer (PDF File: 637 KB) |
- |
| Japanese Flyer (PDF File: 476 KB) |
- |
Networking Documents
| File | Title / Description |
| Networking Guidelines in English | World Water Vision: Guidelines for Participation in English (PDF File: 117 KB) |
| Networking Guidelines in French | World Water Vision: Guidelines for Participation in French (PDF File: 124 KB) |
| Social Charter for Water | Social Charter for Water from Académie de l'Eau in French (PDF File: 344 KB) |
Appendix 4 - Part 2 - Links
from the World Water Vision CDROM
World
Water Council
Global
Water Partnership
World Water Forum
Framework for Action Unit
Sector Consultations
Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC)
Water
for Food and Rural Development
International
Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID)
International
Water Management Institute (IWMI)
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
International
Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI)
Food
and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
The World Conservation Union (IUCN)
Water in Rivers
International
Association for Hydraulic Research (IAHR)
International
Water Resources Association (IWRA)
International Hydropower Association (IHA)
Green Cross International
UNESCO-International Hydrology Programme (UNESCO-IHP)
International
Rainwater Catchment Systems Association (IRCSA)
International
Office for Water
International
Network of Basin Organizations
Regional Consultations
UNESCO-International Hydrology Programme (UNESCO-IHP)
Water
Center for the Humids Tropics of Latin America and the Caribbean (CATHALAC)
Scenario Development
Stockholm
Environment Institute (SEI)
Center for Environmental Systems Research (CESR)
Gender Mainstreaming
International
Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC)
United
Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
International
Water Management Institute (IWMI)
International
Information Centre and Archives for the Women's Movement (IIAV)
Both
ENDS Environmental and Development Service for NGOs
Youth Consultations
Junior
Chamber International
The
Hague International Model United Nations
Globetree
Foundation
Vision Explorer
Water Planet
Networking
Social Charter on Water
Water Links
UNEP Global Environment Outlook (GEO) 2000
Integrated
Water Resources Association (IWRA)
World
Wide Web on Water (School Children Project)
Global Applied Research Network (GARNET)
Department
of Water Affairs and Forestry in South Africa
African Water Page
Southern Africa Environment
Project
UMGENI
Water
Water
Research Commission
Bottled
Water Web
Water
Wiser - The Water Efficiency Clearinghouse
American
Water Works Association (AWWA)
AWWA
Research Foundation
Water
Institute of South Africa
Canadian
Water and Wastewater Association (CWWA)
CSIRO
Land and Water
Xeriscape
Colorado
Jerusalem
Water Undertaking
Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba,
Canada
Friends
of the Earth Middle East
Environmental
Health Program (USAID)
Water
and Environmental Health at London and Loughborough (WELL)
Centre
for Science and Environment, India (CSE)
International
Private Water Association
Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology
National
Science Foundation
| Water Related Databases | |||||||
| Result of the inventory made by the
Working Group on Information Management for the 14th session of the ACC Subcommittee on Water Resources and other identified relevant databases. |
|||||||
| Name | Cover | Update | Electronic Form | Data Standards | Metadata Available | Access | Information |
| Agroecological Zone Database | Climate, ecology, land use, resource evolation | Occasionally | Yes | No | No | No | Mr. R. Brinkman, FAO |
| AGROSTAT-PC | Electronic version of FAO yearbook | Yes | Yes | No | Diskette | Mr. Jean-Philippe Decraene, FAO | |
| Agrometerological data systems (AMDASS) | Weather factors relevant to agriculture in developing countries | Continuously | Yes | No | Yes, stored as part of the database | No, info. can be requested | R. Gommes, AGRT, FAO |
| Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) | Bibliographic references to the world's literature on the science, technology and management | Monthly | Yes | Yes | On-line, Print out, Tapem CD-ROM | Chief, Fishery Information, FAO | |
| FAO-GIS | Digitized maps, includes soil map of the world, surface hydrography and hydrological basins of Africa, measure of annual rainfall of Africa, etc. | 203 Thematic maps per year | Yes | Yes | Yes, stored as part of the database | Diskette | P. Pelles, AGLW, FAO |
| FISHSTAT PC | Microcomputer programs and databases of fishery time series | Yearly | Yes | Yes | No | Diskette | C. Stamatopopolos, FAO |
| Global Environment Monitoring System/ Water (GEMS/WATER) | Address global issues of water quality through a network of stations at rivers, lakes, reservoirs and groundwater | Frequently | Yes | Yes | Yes, stored as part of the database | Restricted | UNEP/WMO, Mr. Andrew S. Fraser, UNEP GEMS Collaborating Centre http://www.cciw.ca/gems/intro.html |
| HAZARDS | Database on water-related natural disasters om Latin America and the Carribean | Not regularly | Yes | No | No | Diskette | Mr. Terrance Richard Lee, ECLAC |
| BIBLO | Publications on water resources of Latin American and Carribean Countries | Monthly | Yes | No | No | Diskette | Mr. Terrance Richard Lee, ECLAC |
| Sistems de Informacion sobre los Usos de Agua (SISUA) | Information on Dams and reservoirs, pulp and paper industries, etc. in Latin America and the Carribean | Not regularly | Yes | Yes | Yes, not part of the database | Diskette | Mr. Terrance Richard Lee, ECLAC |
| WTPLL | Water Pollution problems in Latin America and the Carribean | Not regualarly | Yes | No | No | Diskette | Mr. Terrance Richard Lee, ECLAC |
| Hydraulics and hydrology (HIDRO) | References to research institutes etc. in hydraulics and hydrology in Latin America and the Carribean | Annual | Yes | Yes | Yes, stored as part of the database | On-line, Print out, Diskette | Mr. Carlos A. Fernandez-Jauregul, UNESCO/ROSTLAC |
| Name | Cover | Update | Electronic Form | Data Standards | Metadata Available | Access | Information |
| HYD Directory | References to institutions carrying out scientific and technological research and development etc. in hydrology and water resources in Latin America and the Carribean | Monthly | Yes | Yes | Yes, stored as part of the database | Online, printout | Mr. Carlos A. Fernandez-Jauregul, UNESCO/ROSTLAC |
| Hydrologists and Hydrogeologists in LAC | Specialists in hydrology and hydrogeology following the standards of the American Institute of Hydrology | Annual | Yes | Yes | Yes, stored as part of the database | On-line, Print out, Diskette | Mr. Carlos A. Fernandez-Jauregul, UNESCO/ROSTLAC |
| Hydrogeological maps | Identify groundwater resources available in the region by establishing hydrogeological cartography appropriate for the countries, indicating water quantity and quality | Annual | No | Yes | Yes, stored as part of the database | Document | Mr. Carlos A. Fernandez-Jauregul, UNESCO/ROSTLAC |
| Surface Water Balance | Quantify the region's available water resources, establishing their distribution in time and space through the assessment of the parameters of the water balance equation | Annual | No | Yes | Yes, stored as part of the database | Document | Mr. Carlos A. Fernandez-Jauregul, UNESCO/ROSTLAC |
| Water Calendar (W.A.C.) | Water Related Meetings | Twice per year | Yes | Yes | Yes, not part of the database | Mrs. A. Avzeli, UNESCO | |
| Part of the UN-ECE Environmental Statistic Database | One part for freshwater quality and on for waste-water | Yes | Yes | Yes, not part of the database | Printout, diskette | Dr. Kahment Andreas, UN-ECE | |
| Inventory of Proven Operational Techniques and Methods in Development and Management of Water for Agriculture | Summary description of relevant techniques (guidelines,software) that are in the public domain or can be obtained at nominal cost | Once a year | Yes | No | No | Printout | Mr. Wolf Kluhn, FAO |
| ACCIS | Database of databases within the UN system | United Nations | |||||
| GRID | GIS data, maps, digitization | UNEP | |||||
| OLICOM | Management of climate data | WMO | |||||
| GPCC | Global/Regional precipitation totals | WMO | |||||
| EAWAS | Water purification in Africa (human health) | AMREF | |||||
| GCNET | Remote sensing data and information | CCRS | |||||
| AQUALINE | Bibliographic water resources management | WRC (England) | |||||
| HYDAT | Water resources management | USGS | |||||
| INFOTERRA | Water resources /environmental protection | UNEP | |||||
| AQUAREF | Aquatic sciences & water resources management | Env. Canada | |||||
| INFO HYDRO | Hydrology, rivers | WMO http://www.wmo.ch/web/homs/infohyd.html | |||||
| DUNDIS | Database under ACCIS | United Nations | |||||
| WASAMS | Information on water supply and sanitation coverage | Biannual reporting | WHO/UNICEF | ||||
| WMO/GRDC: Global Runoff Data Centre in the Federal Institute of Hydrology, Germany | Data on streamflow | Continous reporting | WMO http://www.wmo.ch/web/homs/grdchome.html | ||||
| AQUASTAT | Partial Data on water availability and use by country with emphasis on irrigation | Irregular reporting (3 yrs.) | Internet | FAO http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquatstat/aquast1e.htm | |||
| IHP | FRIEND (Flow Regimes from International Experimental and Network Data Sets) | Periodic | UNESCO | ||||
| World Hydrological Cycle Observing System (WHYCOS) | River flow, water quality, climatic varibles | Internet | WMO (in association with the WB), http://www.wmo.ch/web/homs/Whycos.html | ||||
| Acronyms | Organization | ||||||
| ECLAC | United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Carribean | ||||||
| FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | ||||||
| ROSTLAC | Regional Office for Science and Technology for Latin America and the Carribean | ||||||
| UN-ECE | United Nations Economic Commission for Europe | ||||||
| UNEP | United Nations Environment Programme | ||||||
| UNESCO | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations | ||||||
| UNICEF | United Nations Children's Fund | ||||||
| WHO | World Health Organization | ||||||
| WMO | World Meterological Organization | ||||||
Appendix 6 World Water Day 2000 - UN and Freshwater Issues - A brief Survey of Facts and Links by Gunilla Bjorkland, GeWa Consulting and the Global Water Partnership.
Modified from the original document at: http://www.unesco.org/science/waterday2000/UN_Synopsis.HTM
|
A BRIEF SURVEY OF FACTS AND LINKS by Gunilla Björklund, PhD
|
Abstract Freshwater issues have been on the UN-agenda for a long time and more specifically since the Mar del Plata UN Conference on Water, 1977 and the preparation for that conference. Some 20 UN agencies have been recognised as having freshwater on their agenda, no-one being superior to another. In the Rio-process, the UN ACC Subcommittee on Water Resources, being the UN co-ordinating body for freshwater, thus was identified as the task manager for chapter 18, the freshwater chapter of Agenda 21. The text shortly identifies the UN bodies having freshwater on their agenda and gives links to their homepages.
|
| 1. Introduction At the International Conference on Water and the Environment in Dublin, 1992, some 20 UN-agencies and organisations were identified as having aspects of freshwater on their agenda, in some cases as one of their most important subjects, in others more peripherally. No single UN-agency was recognised as being superior and acting as "head"-organisation for freshwater issues. This was an important reason why the UN Administrative Committee for Coordination, ACC, Subcommittee for Water Resources, being the body to co-ordinate freshwater issues within UN, was identified as task manager for freshwater in the Agenda 21. An ACC Subcommittee on Water Resources already existed in the 1960, throughout the preparations for the Mar del Plata Water Conference 1977. The Conference recommended the establishment of a Water Resources Board composed of the organisations of the UN system and with an independent secretariat. But it was not until 1981 that ECOSOC agreed on such an arrangement. Since its establishment the Subcommittee has grown to 24 members. This has resulted in increased interagency cooperation, which for projects means projects of a much more integrated nature. Sometimes more than one agency is responsible for a certain aspect of freshwater management but they all have their respective perspective on the issue defined by their mandate. The main actors and their respective role are identified below. 2. UN Secretariat (http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev) Within the UN Secretariat freshwater issues are dealt with in conjunction with other issues. Water issues may be part of international conflicts or economic deliberations, thus playing a role in the negotiations in a UN committee. Non-Navigational Uses of International Water Courses has been subject to deliberations in the International Law Commission of UN 1970-1997 and an International Convention of the Law on Non-Navigational Uses of International Water Courses was accepted by the UN General Assembly in April 1997 (UN-document A/51/869). However, mainly freshwater issues in UN are the responsibility of the Commission for Sustainable Development, CSD, within the framework of the follow-up of the UNCED Agenda 21. The UN Department for Social and |